Spending
The same €1,000, spent on each kind of thing EU households buy, the way they buy it: from the industries and countries they actually buy it from. Each figure has its range, and two kinds of spending are said to differ only where their ranges do not overlap.
Per €1,000, a few kinds of household spending carry clearly more linked harm than spending as a whole, a few clearly less, and most cannot be told apart from it. Every figure is a floor, and none includes using what was bought.
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What every kind of spending is compared with: all twelve kinds together, each counted in proportion to what EU households spend on it.
Scenario Economic-embedded, using FIGARO 2023. Each figure is the middle result of 2,000 runs of the calculation, with the range that holds nine in ten of them beside it, and the grade that range earns.
Deaths 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ per €1,000(0.99–2.3 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 1.5 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.0–2.2 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €430 million – €1.0 billion of this for each death.
Its whole range lies above the range for spending as a whole.
Deaths 3.7 × 10⁻⁶ per €1,000(2.4–5.5 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.3–2.9 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €180 million – €420 million of this for each death.
13% of EU households’ spending · 91% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 28% cars and their parts · 19% vehicle repair and dealers' margins · 17% bus, coach, rail and taxi
Its range overlaps the range for spending as a whole: the model cannot say whether €1,000 here carries more or less.
Deaths 2.7 × 10⁻⁶ per €1,000(1.8–4.1 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 2.3 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.6–3.4 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €240 million – €560 million of this for each death.
12% of EU households’ spending · 92% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 80% processed food, drink and tobacco · 19% fresh food from farms and growers · 1.3% fresh fish and seafood
Deaths 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ per €1,000(0.96–2.2 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 1.5 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.0–2.2 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €450 million – €1.0 billion of this for each death.
2.0% of EU households’ spending · 57% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 100% clothing and footwear
Deaths 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ per €1,000(0.84–1.9 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 6.4 × 10⁻⁵ per €1,000(4.3–9.4 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €530 million – €1.2 billion of this for each death.
28% of EU households’ spending · 99% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 74% rents, actual and imputed · 15% electricity, gas and heat · 4.4% maintenance and repair of the dwelling
Deaths 1.4 × 10⁻⁶ per €1,000(0.91–2.1 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(0.94–2.0 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €480 million – €1.1 billion of this for each death.
5.1% of EU households’ spending · 86% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 29% furniture · 16% household appliances and lighting · 13% domestic services, households as employers
Deaths 7.1 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(0.47–1.1 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 8.4 × 10⁻⁵ per €1,000(0.57–1.2 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €910 million – €2.1 billion of this for each death.
3.6% of EU households’ spending · 86% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 55% telephone and internet services · 28% phones and computers · 12% information services
Deaths 7.5 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(0.48–1.2 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 1.9 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.3–2.8 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €830 million – €2.1 billion of this for each death.
5.5% of EU households’ spending · 93% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 26% the arts, libraries, museums and gambling · 24% package holidays and travel agencies · 18% sport and amusement
Deaths 8.7 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(0.57–1.3 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 2.7 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.8–3.9 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €770 million – €1.8 billion of this for each death.
9.9% of EU households’ spending · >99.9% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 100% restaurants, cafés and accommodation
Deaths 8.2 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(0.54–1.3 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 1.7 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.1–2.5 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €770 million – €1.9 billion of this for each death.
8.1% of EU households’ spending · 96% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 26% hairdressing, laundry and funerals · 23% residential care and social work · 12% soap, cosmetics and toiletries
Its whole range lies below the range for spending as a whole.
Deaths 5.0 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(3.2–7.5 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 2.1 × 10⁻⁴ per €1,000(1.4–3.2 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €1.3 billion – €3.1 billion of this for each death.
4.3% of EU households’ spending · 94% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 77% medical, dental and hospital services · 23% medicines and other pharmaceutical products
Deaths 2.7 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(1.7–4.1 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 9.8 × 10⁻⁵ per €1,000(0.67–1.4 × 10⁻⁴)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €2.4 billion – €5.9 billion of this for each death.
1.5% of EU households’ spending · 100% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 100% education at every level
Deaths 2.4 × 10⁻⁷ per €1,000(1.6–3.7 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Injuries 4.6 × 10⁻⁵ per €1,000(3.2–6.9 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
About €2.7 billion – €6.3 billion of this for each death.
7.1% of EU households’ spending · 91% of it made in the EU
What it buys: 51% banking services · 45% insurance of every kind · 4.9% services auxiliary to finance and insurance
Within each group the kinds of spending are in the classification’s own order. Their order inside a group is not a ranking: the model cannot rank what it cannot tell apart. Grouped by deaths; each placement can be checked against the two figures printed beside it.
What households in the 27 EU countries bought, according to FIGARO 2023’s table of final spending — how much from each industry in each country — limited to the industries of one kind of spending and scaled to €1,000. Each euro then carries the harm the calculation links to its industry and country, and to everything that industry buys in turn: the money method.
At producers’ prices. Shop and wholesale margins — 13% of what households paid — belong to no kind of spending here, and product taxes are not in the table, so each figure is what the producers received for €1,000.
The amounts are the table’s, not ours. The one judgement we make is which kind of spending each industry belongs to: one each, the one most of its sales to households serve. Where an industry serves several, the table below says so and says where the rest goes.
Every figure carries the money method’s range — the uncertainty in the records of harm and the differences between trade tables — so every kind of spending has a range of the same relative width, and two are said to differ only where their ranges do not overlap.
Food (COICOP 01) and drink and tobacco (02) are one kind here: the table puts them in one industry.
The kinds of spending are the divisions of COICOP 2018 with Eurostat’s titles (ECOICOP ver. 2), reused under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU; which industry sits in which is this project’s own reading, not an official match.
| Industry | Kind of spending | What households buy from it |
|---|---|---|
A01 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities |
Food, drink and tobacco serves several | fresh food from farms and growers; cut flowers and plants (09) are in it too |
A03 Fishing and aquaculture |
Food, drink and tobacco | fresh fish and seafood |
C10-12 Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products |
Food, drink and tobacco | processed food, drink and tobacco — one industry in this table |
C13-15 Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products |
Clothing and footwear serves several | clothing and footwear; household textiles (05) and luggage (13) are in it too |
A02 Forestry and logging |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels serves several | firewood, a household fuel; Christmas trees and wild products (09) are in it too |
B Mining and quarrying |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels serves several | coal, peat and other solid fuels households burn; salt and stone are in it too |
D35 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels | electricity, gas and heat |
E36 Water collection, treatment and supply |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels | water supply |
E37-39 Sewerage, waste management, remediation activities |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels | sewerage and refuse collection for the dwelling |
F Construction |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels | maintenance and repair of the dwelling; a new dwelling is investment, not consumption |
L Real estate activities |
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels serves several | rents, actual and imputed; estate agents' fees are in it too |
C16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | wooden household goods; timber for repairing the dwelling (04) is in it too |
C22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | household articles of plastic and rubber; tyres (07) are in it too |
C23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | glassware, tableware and ceramics; building materials for the dwelling (04) are in it too |
C24 Manufacture of basic metals |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | small: metal for household repairs; precious metal for jewellery (13) is in it too |
C25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance | tools, cutlery and hardware |
C27 Manufacture of electrical equipment |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance | household appliances and lighting |
C28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | household and garden machinery; small, and some of it is recreational (09) |
C31_32 Manufacture of furniture; other manufacturing |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | furniture; jewellery (13), toys and sports goods (09) and medical devices (06) are in it too |
C33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance | repair and installation of household equipment |
S95 Repair of computers and personal and household goods |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance serves several | repair of household goods; repair of phones and computers (08) is in it too |
T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use |
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance | domestic services, households as employers |
C21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations |
Health | medicines and other pharmaceutical products |
Q86 Human health activities |
Health | medical, dental and hospital services |
C19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products |
Transport serves several | motor fuel; heating oil and bottled gas for the home (04) are in it too |
C29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers |
Transport | cars and their parts |
C30 Manufacture of other transport equipment |
Transport serves several | motorcycles and bicycles; boats and aircraft for recreation (09) are in it too |
G45 Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
Transport | vehicle repair and dealers' margins; this table cannot separate the two |
H49 Land transport and transport via pipelines |
Transport | bus, coach, rail and taxi |
H50 Water transport |
Transport | ferries and other passenger shipping |
H51 Air transport |
Transport | passenger flights |
H52 Warehousing and support activities for transportation |
Transport | parking, tolls and other services to transport |
N77 Rental and leasing activities |
Transport serves several | car hire; hire of other household and recreational goods (05, 09) is in it too |
C26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products |
Information and communication serves several | phones and computers; televisions, cameras and audio (09) and medical and optical instruments (06) are in it too |
H53 Postal and courier activities |
Information and communication | postal and courier services |
J61 Telecommunications |
Information and communication | telephone and internet services |
J62_63 Computer programming, consultancy, and information service activities |
Information and communication | information services |
C18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media |
Recreation, sport and culture | printed matter and recorded media |
J58 Publishing activities |
Recreation, sport and culture serves several | books, newspapers and magazines; software (08) is in it too |
J59_60 Motion picture, video, television programme production; programming and broadcasting activities |
Recreation, sport and culture | films, broadcasting and streaming subscriptions |
M74_75 Other professional, scientific and technical activities; veterinary activities |
Recreation, sport and culture serves several | veterinary services for pets; photography and translation (13) are in it too |
N79 Travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities |
Recreation, sport and culture | package holidays and travel agencies |
R90-92 Creative, arts and entertainment activities; libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; gambling and betting activities |
Recreation, sport and culture | the arts, libraries, museums and gambling |
R93 Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities |
Recreation, sport and culture | sport and amusement |
P85 Education |
Education services | education at every level |
I Accommodation and food service activities |
Restaurants and accommodation services | restaurants, cafés and accommodation |
K64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding |
Insurance and financial services | banking services; including the margin banks earn on deposits and loans |
K65 Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security |
Insurance and financial services | insurance of every kind |
K66 Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities |
Insurance and financial services | services auxiliary to finance and insurance |
C17 Manufacture of paper and paper products |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services serves several | toilet paper, tissues and nappies; COICOP counts them as personal care, and kitchen paper (05) and stationery (09) are in it too |
C20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services serves several | soap, cosmetics and toiletries; cleaning products (05) and garden chemicals (09) are in it too |
M69_70 Legal and accounting activities; activities of head offices; management consultancy activities |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | legal and accounting services |
M71 Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | small: architects' and engineers' services |
M72 Scientific research and development |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | small: scientific research |
M73 Advertising and market research |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | small: advertising and market research |
N78 Employment activities |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | small: employment services |
N80-82 Security and investigation, service and landscape, office administrative and support activities |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services serves several | security, cleaning and other services; cleaning of the dwelling (05) is in it too |
O84 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | administrative fees; passports, certificates and the like |
Q87_88 Residential care activities and social work activities without accommodation |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | residential care and social work; COICOP counts them as social protection |
S94 Activities of membership organisations |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services | subscriptions to membership organisations |
S96 Other personal service activities |
Personal care, social protection and miscellaneous goods and services serves several | hairdressing, laundry and funerals; laundry is clothing care (03) in COICOP |
G46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
in none | the wholesale margin; in no category, so each category is what its producers received |
G47 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
in none | the retail margin; in no category, so each category is what its producers received |
U Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies |
in none | extraterritorial organisations; households buy nothing from them |
HumanToll 2026, run 2259, methodology v1.0. https://quiescence.eu/humantoll/spend/