Products
Three levels, one chain: raw materials, the semi-finished products made from them, and the finished products people buy. Wheat becomes flour, and flour becomes a croissant.
Every product here is described by what it is made of, line by line, down to raw materials, and every line names its source. Where the model has a figure, it is shown per kilogram by the materials method — a floor — with its range and grade; each product’s page has the rest.
What the catalogue holds
69 raw materials, 36 semi-finished products and 46 finished products. 31 products have a complete list of materials with sources; the others are listed without a composition yet, and cannot be published.
A list of materials is complete when every line has a source and a grade, every part can be traced further, the weights add up, and the product belongs to an industry. Where a published composition covers only part of a product, the rest is an openly stated remainder, and its share is shown rather than filled in.
Raw materials
69 materials that are mined, grown or extracted — the start of every chain. 40 of them have production data so far. They have pages of their own.
Semi-finished products
Made from raw materials and used to make other products: flour, steel, cotton yarn, electricity.
Food ingredients
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butter
one kilogram of butter from cow's milk |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 3.2 × 10⁻⁷(1.3–7.2 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Cocoa butter
one kilogram of cocoa butter |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 4.1 × 10⁻⁸(0.16–1.1 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Cocoa mass
one kilogram of cocoa mass (cocoa paste, cocoa liquor) |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 4.1 × 10⁻⁸(0.16–1.0 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Malt
one kilogram of barley malt |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Refined palm oil
one kilogram of refined palm oil |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Refined sugar
one kilogram of refined white sugar |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 6.1 × 10⁻⁹(0.24–1.5 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Roasted coffee
one kilogram of roasted coffee beans |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 6.7 × 10⁻⁸(0.27–1.7 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Wheat flour
one kilogram of white wheat flour |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 1.1 × 10⁻⁸(0.44–2.6 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
Textiles, leather and rubber
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotton fabric
one kilogram of cotton fabric |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 3.9 × 10⁻⁸(1.5–9.5 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Cotton yarn
one kilogram of spun cotton yarn |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 3.8 × 10⁻⁸(1.5–9.3 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Denim fabric
one kilogram of cotton denim fabric |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 3.8 × 10⁻⁸(1.5–9.8 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Finished leather
one kilogram of tanned, finished bovine leather |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Passenger car tyre
one kilogram of passenger car tyre |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 5.2 × 10⁻¹⁰(0.27–1.1 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Polyester fibre
one kilogram of polyester (PET) fibre |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Polyurethane foam
one kilogram of flexible polyurethane foam |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Rubber compound
one kilogram of vulcanisable rubber compound |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Metals
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium
one kilogram of primary aluminium |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 4.8 × 10⁻¹⁰(0.19–1.2 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Brass
one kilogram of brass (copper–zinc alloy) |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Copper
one kilogram of refined copper cathode |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 2.0 × 10⁻⁷(0.81–4.2 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Stainless steel
one kilogram of austenitic stainless steel |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Steel
one kilogram of crude steel, world route mix |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 3.1 × 10⁻⁹(1.7–6.7 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
Electronic components
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Display panel
one kilogram of display panel |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Lithium-ion battery pack
one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 6.9 × 10⁻⁸(0.36–1.4 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Lithium-ion cell
one kilogram of lithium-ion battery cells |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 8.4 × 10⁻⁸(0.50–1.7 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| NMC cathode powder
one kilogram of NMC532 cathode active material |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 1.4 × 10⁻⁷(0.71–3.2 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Printed circuit board assembly
one kilogram of assembled printed circuit board |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 1.6 × 10⁻⁶(0.60–3.4 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
Glass, plastics, cement, wood and paper
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cement
one kilogram of Portland cement |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Glass
one kilogram of soda-lime glass |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁰(0.93–4.5 × 10⁻¹⁰)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Paper and cardboard
one kilogram of paper and paperboard |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Plastics
one kilogram of polymer in primary form |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Sawn timber
one cubic metre of sawn wood |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Energy carriers
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diesel
one litre of diesel fuel |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Electricity
one kilowatt-hour of electricity delivered from a grid |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Jet fuel
one litre of kerosene-type jet fuel |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Natural gas (delivered)
one cubic metre of natural gas delivered to a consumer |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Petrol
one litre of petrol (gasoline) |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Finished products
What a person buys. The ten marked “first computed” are the products the model will calculate a toll for first.
Food and drink
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beef
one kilogram of beef |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Beer
one half-litre bottle of beer |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Bread
one white loaf |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Chicken
one kilogram of chicken meat |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Chocolate bar
one 100 g bar of dark chocolate, unwrapped |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 2.5 × 10⁻⁸(1.2–5.8 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Coffee, one cup
one Italian espresso — 25 mL in the cup — as the Istituto Nazionale Espresso Italiano defines it |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 1.9 × 10⁻⁸(0.76–4.7 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Croissant
one butter croissant as made — 123 g of dough — with its 3 g of packaging |
sourced first computed | 100% | INDICATIVE | 0.34–1.9 × 10⁻⁷INDICATIVES-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Milk
one litre of pasteurised cow's milk |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Pasta
one kilogram of dried pasta |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Rice
one kilogram of packed milled rice |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Sugar
one kilogram of packed white sugar |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Wine
one 75 cl bottle of wine |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Tobacco
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pack of cigarettes
one pack of 20 filter cigarettes, without the pack |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 1.8 × 10⁻⁸(0.68–4.4 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
Electronics and appliances
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Game console
one home video game console |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| LED bulb
one LED light bulb |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Laptop
one laptop of 2,706 g, the average of 16 disassembled models from 1999 to 2011 |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 2.0 × 10⁻⁷(0.77–4.4 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Refrigerator
one domestic refrigerator |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Smartphone
one smartphone of 135 g, the average of 12 disassembled models from 2004 to 2015 |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 2.2 × 10⁻⁷(0.85–4.7 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Tablet
one tablet computer |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Television
one flat-panel television |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Washing machine
one domestic washing machine |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Transport
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air travel
one passenger-kilometre by air |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Bicycle
one bicycle |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Bus travel
one passenger-kilometre by bus |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Electric bicycle
one electrically assisted bicycle |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Electric car
one midsize battery-electric car of 1,769 kg |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 1.7 × 10⁻⁸(1.0–3.1 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Motorcycle
one motorcycle |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Petrol car
one midsize petrol car of 1,385 kg |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 6.9 × 10⁻⁹(0.40–1.3 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Train travel
one passenger-kilometre by train |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Clothing and household
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bag of charcoal
one 3 kg bag of lump wood charcoal, without the bag |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 5.1 × 10⁻⁸(0.20–1.2 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Bedsheet set
one set of bedsheets |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Chair
one chair |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Cotton T-shirt
one 100% cotton T-shirt of 150 g |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 4.3 × 10⁻⁸(0.17–1.1 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Diamond ring
one 18-carat gold ring of 3 g set with one 0.5-carat natural diamond |
sourced | 100% | LOW | 0.0030(0.0014–0.0064)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Jacket
one jacket |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Jeans
one pair of stretch denim jeans of about 725 g, as Nudie Jeans made one style in 2017 |
sourced first computed | 100% | LOW | 4.4 × 10⁻⁸(0.16–1.1 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Leather shoes
one pair of leather shoes |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Mattress
one mattress |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Table
one table |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Towel
one towel |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Trainers
one pair of athletic trainers |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
Arms
| Product | List of materials | Known in detail, by weight | Grade | Deaths per kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armoured vehicle
one armoured fighting vehicle |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Artillery shell
one artillery shell |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Assault rifle
one AK-74 assault rifle, 5.45 × 39 mm, unloaded |
sourced first computed | 0% | INDICATIVE | — |
| Combat aircraft
one combat aircraft airframe |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |
| Rifle ammunition
one thousand rounds of rifle ammunition |
not yet sourced | — | — | — |