Harm counted here, in the products the model covers

Each product whose supply chain counts deaths in South Africa, with its deaths per item and the part of that figure counted here — the other side of the story: harm suffered here, in things mostly bought elsewhere.

Scenario Economic-embedded, using FIGARO 2023.

Harm counted here, in the products the model covers
Product	Deaths per item
Steel Part from here: <0.1%	3.1 × 10⁻⁹ per item(1.7–6.7 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Passenger car tyre Part from here: <0.1%	5.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ per item(0.27–1.1 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
NMC cathode powder Part from here: <0.1%	1.4 × 10⁻⁷ per item(0.71–3.2 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Diamond ring Part from here: <0.1%	9.2 × 10⁻⁶ per item(0.44–2.0 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Glass Part from here: <0.1%	2.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ per item(0.93–4.5 × 10⁻¹⁰)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Lithium-ion cell Part from here: <0.1%	8.4 × 10⁻⁸ per item(0.50–1.7 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Lithium-ion battery pack Part from here: <0.1%	6.9 × 10⁻⁸ per item(0.36–1.4 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Electric car Part from here: <0.1%	3.0 × 10⁻⁵ per item(1.8–5.5 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Printed circuit board assembly Part from here: <0.1%	1.6 × 10⁻⁶ per item(0.60–3.4 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Smartphone Part from here: <0.1%	3.0 × 10⁻⁸ per item(1.2–6.3 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Laptop Part from here: <0.1%	5.4 × 10⁻⁷ per item(0.21–1.2 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Petrol car Part from here: <0.1%	9.5 × 10⁻⁶ per item(0.55–1.7 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Refined sugar Part from here: <0.1%	6.1 × 10⁻⁹ per item(0.24–1.5 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Pack of cigarettes Part from here: <0.1%	3.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ per item(1.4–8.8 × 10⁻¹⁰)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Butter Part from here: <0.1%	3.2 × 10⁻⁷ per item(1.3–7.2 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Croissant Part from here: <0.1%	0.42–2.4 × 10⁻⁸ per itemINDICATIVES-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Wheat flour Part from here: <0.1%	1.1 × 10⁻⁸ per item(0.44–2.6 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Chocolate bar Part from here: <0.1%	2.5 × 10⁻⁹ per item(1.2–5.8 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Cotton fabric Part from here: <0.1%	3.9 × 10⁻⁸ per item(1.5–9.5 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Cotton T-shirt Part from here: <0.1%	6.4 × 10⁻⁹ per item(0.25–1.6 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Cotton yarn Part from here: <0.1%	3.8 × 10⁻⁸ per item(1.5–9.3 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Denim fabric Part from here: <0.1%	3.8 × 10⁻⁸ per item(1.5–9.8 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Jeans Part from here: <0.1%	3.2 × 10⁻⁸ per item(1.2–8.0 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r
Bag of charcoal Part from here: <0.1%	1.5 × 10⁻⁷ per item(0.61–3.5 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r

The figure is the product’s own, with its range. The share beside it is a middle estimate only: the calculation stores a range for each figure, not for each part of one.

Recorded here

Deaths recorded for this country, as their publishers counted them: war deaths from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), and deaths at work reported to the International Labour Organization. Both are records, and both are floors, not estimates of the whole. A war death is recorded where it happened, whoever died.

Recorded here
Kind of harm	Years	Deaths recorded	Latest year
War deaths (UCDP)	1989–2025	5,630	17 (2025)
Deaths at work (ILOSTAT, as reported)	1985–2022	12,917	83 (2022)

What it produces

The latest year on record for each material, and this country’s share of the production on record for that year. That is not always a share of the world total: when a publisher lumps small producers together as “other countries”, that group is not a country and is not loaded.

What it produces
Material	Produced	Share of recorded production	Quality
Crude petroleum (2025)	26,568 t	0.0%	gap filled
Natural gas (2024)	57,987,511 m3	0.0%	reported
Coal and lignite (2024)	237,425,368 t	2.7%	reported
Cobalt (2019)	2,100 t	1.5%	not stated
Nickel (2017)	48,400 t	2.4%	not stated
Gold (2025)	90 t	4.0%	estimated
Iron ore (2025)	66,000,000 t	2.6%	estimated
Zinc (2023)	198,000 t	1.9%	not stated
Manganese (2025)	7,600,000 t	40.3%	estimated
Silica sand (2021)	2,080,000 t	0.6%	estimated
Natural diamonds (rough) (2025)	1 t	4.8%	estimated
Wheat (2024)	1,924,890 t	0.2%	reported
Milk (2024)	3,883,000 t	0.4%	reported
Maize (2024)	12,850,000 t	1.1%	reported
Rice (2024)	3,082 t	0.0%	gap filled
Soybeans (2024)	1,848,000 t	0.5%	reported
Sugar (2024)	16,741,000 t	0.8%	gap filled
Cotton (2024)	48,712 t	0.1%	reported
Livestock (2024)	3,563,040 t	1.0%	reported
Timber (2024)	16,207,111 m3	0.8%	estimated
Tobacco (unmanufactured) (2024)	11,231 t	0.2%	gap filled
Wood charcoal (2024)	62,255 t	0.1%	gap filled
Agricultural land (2024)	96,341,000 ha	2.1%	gap filled
Forest (2025)	22,881,420 ha	0.6%	external
Fresh water (2023)	4,231,743,151 m3	0.8%	reported

Where what it consumes is produced

For each material, how much of what this country uses was produced in each country. It is traced through trade, so a country that only passes a material on is not counted as its source: it hands on the mix it imported. The largest sources are listed and the rest added together.

Crude petroleum — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Nigeria	47.6%	yes
Saudi Arabia	17.3%	—
Angola	14.9%	yes
United States	6.7%	—
Ghana	6.5%	yes
Algeria	1.8%	yes
All other countries	5.1%

Natural gas — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Mozambique	49.8%	yes
United States	41.9%	—
South Africa (at home)	2.7%	yes
Iraq	1.1%	yes
Equatorial Guinea	1.0%	—
Argentina	0.9%	yes
All other countries	2.5%

Coal and lignite — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	98.5%	yes
Australia	0.8%	—
United States	0.2%	—
Russian Federation	0.1%	yes
Eswatini	0.1%	—
Botswana	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.1%

Cobalt — 2019, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	79.8%	yes
Madagascar	10.8%	yes
Congo, Dem. Rep.	8.9%	yes
Russian Federation	0.2%	yes
Australia	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.2%

Copper — 2018, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Congo, Dem. Rep.	97.3%	yes
Zambia	2.5%	—
Chile	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.1%

Lithium — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Australia	32.1%	—
China	26.3%	—
Chile	26.0%	—
Zimbabwe	7.5%	—
Argentina	5.4%	yes
Brazil	2.0%	yes
All other countries	0.7%

Nickel — 2017, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	92.0%	—
Australia	4.4%	—
Madagascar	0.8%	yes
Brazil	0.7%	yes
Russian Federation	0.6%	yes
New Caledonia	0.4%	—
All other countries	1.2%

Gold — 2012, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	69.9%	—
Ghana	17.7%	—
Indonesia	7.6%	yes
United States	2.1%	—
Brazil	1.0%	yes
Peru	0.6%	—
All other countries	1.1%

Tin — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Indonesia	29.2%	yes
Brazil	17.8%	yes
Congo, Dem. Rep.	17.2%	yes
Malaysia	13.2%	—
Peru	8.6%	—
Australia	4.0%	—
All other countries	10.1%

Tungsten — 2022, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
China	89.4%	—
Bolivia	2.5%	—
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	2.0%	—
Australia	1.2%	—
Spain	1.0%	—
Austria	1.0%	—
All other countries	3.0%

Iron ore — 2021, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	100.0%	yes
All other countries	0.0%

Bauxite — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Guinea	48.2%	—
China	31.7%	—
Australia	12.5%	—
Brazil	6.7%	yes
Turkiye	0.9%	yes
All other countries	0.1%

Rare earth elements — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
China	62.8%	—
Russian Federation	11.4%	yes
United States	9.0%	—
Myanmar	6.3%	yes
India	5.9%	yes
Australia	3.9%	—
All other countries	0.7%

Zinc — 2023, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	84.4%	yes
Peru	7.7%	yes
Mexico	3.7%	yes
India	1.5%	yes
Australia	1.5%	—
Bolivia	0.5%	yes
All other countries	0.8%

Phosphate rock — 2010, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Egypt, Arab Rep.	41.5%	yes
Algeria	38.7%	yes
Peru	12.0%	yes
Senegal	7.2%	yes
Tunisia	0.6%	—
All other countries	0.0%

Manganese — 2016, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	100.0%	yes
All other countries	0.0%

Natural graphite — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
China	58.2%	—
Mozambique	22.6%	yes
Madagascar	12.7%	—
Brazil	3.7%	yes
Norway	1.6%	—
Tanzania	0.5%	yes
All other countries	0.6%

Salt — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Pakistan	24.4%	yes
Germany	15.9%	yes
China	10.5%	—
Spain	10.3%	—
United Kingdom	9.1%	—
Netherlands	6.9%	—
All other countries	23.0%

Silica sand — 2021, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	96.0%	yes
China	2.6%	—
Turkiye	0.6%	yes
United States	0.2%	—
France	0.1%	—
Netherlands	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.3%

Wheat — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	52.1%	yes
Russian Federation	15.9%	yes
Australia	12.0%	—
Lithuania	8.6%	—
Poland	5.8%	—
Canada	1.4%	—
All other countries	4.2%

Milk — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	97.7%	yes
France	0.7%	yes
New Zealand	0.6%	—
Uruguay	0.2%	—
Germany	0.1%	yes
Netherlands	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.6%

Natural rubber — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Indonesia	33.4%	yes
Thailand	21.9%	yes
Cote d'Ivoire	16.8%	—
Nigeria	10.0%	yes
Ghana	4.0%	yes
Viet Nam	3.3%	—
All other countries	10.5%

Maize — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	96.0%	yes
Argentina	2.7%	yes
Brazil	0.7%	yes
United States	0.4%	—
All other countries	0.1%

Rice — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Thailand	76.3%	yes
India	20.2%	yes
Pakistan	1.4%	yes
Viet Nam	1.1%	—
South Africa (at home)	0.2%	yes
Cambodia	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.5%

Soybeans — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	97.4%	yes
United States	2.5%	—
All other countries	0.1%

Sugar — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	78.0%	yes
Eswatini	16.7%	—
Brazil	4.0%	yes
France	0.4%	yes
India	0.2%	yes
Belgium	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.7%

Coffee — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Brazil	54.5%	yes
Ethiopia	8.8%	yes
Uganda	6.0%	yes
Colombia	5.3%	yes
Tanzania	4.5%	yes
Guatemala	3.5%	yes
All other countries	17.4%

Cocoa — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Peru	30.3%	—
Ghana	21.7%	yes
Ecuador	11.7%	yes
Cote d'Ivoire	11.4%	—
Tanzania	9.9%	yes
Panama	4.9%	—
All other countries	10.1%

Palm oil — 2023, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
Indonesia	80.7%	yes
Malaysia	19.0%	—
All other countries	0.3%

Cotton — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	93.1%	yes
Zimbabwe	2.6%	—
Togo	1.7%	yes
Eswatini	1.1%	—
Brazil	1.0%	yes
Zambia	0.2%	—
All other countries	0.3%

Livestock — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	94.8%	yes
Brazil	2.4%	yes
Namibia	1.1%	—
Botswana	0.4%	—
Spain	0.3%	—
Argentina	0.2%	yes
All other countries	0.9%

Timber — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	94.1%	yes
Eswatini	3.6%	—
Malaysia	0.5%	—
United States	0.5%	—
Indonesia	0.3%	yes
Uruguay	0.1%	—
All other countries	0.9%

Tobacco (unmanufactured) — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	28.9%	yes
Zimbabwe	22.3%	—
Zambia	15.0%	—
Malawi	12.5%	—
Tanzania	12.1%	yes
India	4.0%	yes
All other countries	5.2%

Wood charcoal — 2024, by value
Produced in	Share	War recorded
South Africa (at home)	63.7%	yes
Namibia	23.5%	—
China	6.8%	—
Indonesia	1.7%	yes
Zimbabwe	1.3%	—
Mozambique	0.8%	yes
All other countries	2.2%

“War recorded” marks a source country where war deaths were recorded in the same year. It is a fact about that country, not a claim that this material caused them.

Where what it produces is consumed

For each material this country produces, how much of it is used in each country, including at home.

Crude petroleum — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	98.3%
Zimbabwe	0.0%
Zambia	0.0%
Lesotho	0.0%
Mauritius	0.0%
Botswana	0.0%
All other countries	1.7%

Natural gas — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	78.4%
Zimbabwe	13.4%
Botswana	2.6%
Namibia	1.8%
Lesotho	1.7%
Zambia	0.4%
All other countries	1.8%

Coal and lignite — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	74.5%
India	12.0%
Korea, Rep.	2.7%
Japan	1.6%
Viet Nam	1.5%
Pakistan	1.4%
All other countries	6.4%

Cobalt — 2019, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	59.7%
China	12.6%
United States	5.8%
Netherlands	4.7%
Japan	3.5%
Ireland	2.0%
All other countries	11.7%

Nickel — 2017, by value
Consumed in	Share
China	52.1%
South Africa (at home)	14.2%
United States	6.2%
India	6.1%
Italy	4.5%
Japan	2.6%
All other countries	14.4%

Gold — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
China	34.6%
India	26.6%
United Kingdom	20.3%
Hong Kong SAR, China	4.7%
Italy	2.3%
Turkiye	1.8%
All other countries	9.7%

Iron ore — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
China	53.1%
Mozambique	9.8%
Korea, Rep.	9.8%
Germany	8.7%
Japan	6.5%
Netherlands	4.9%
All other countries	7.4%

Zinc — 2023, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	53.0%
China	46.8%
Mozambique	0.0%
Zimbabwe	0.0%
Ethiopia	0.0%
Cambodia	0.0%
All other countries	0.2%

Manganese — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
China	44.8%
India	19.0%
Japan	6.6%
Korea, Rep.	3.9%
Norway	3.6%
Singapore	3.0%
All other countries	19.1%

Silica sand — 2021, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	85.4%
China	9.7%
India	0.6%
Botswana	0.3%
Burundi	0.2%
Zambia	0.2%
All other countries	3.6%

Natural diamonds (rough) — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
United States	30.1%
Hong Kong SAR, China	25.1%
China	21.1%
United Arab Emirates	10.6%
Switzerland	2.5%
France	1.9%
All other countries	8.7%

Wheat — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	83.6%
Zimbabwe	4.7%
Zambia	3.9%
Botswana	3.8%
Eswatini	1.9%
Lesotho	1.8%
All other countries	0.4%

Milk — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	92.1%
Botswana	1.5%
Namibia	1.3%
Zambia	1.1%
Mozambique	1.0%
Lesotho	1.0%
All other countries	2.0%

Maize — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	66.8%
Zimbabwe	19.3%
Namibia	3.2%
Botswana	2.6%
Mozambique	2.1%
Eswatini	1.5%
All other countries	4.5%

Rice — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	83.3%
Botswana	7.3%
Eswatini	4.1%
Lesotho	1.2%
All other countries	4.1%

Soybeans — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	90.6%
Zimbabwe	6.1%
Viet Nam	1.6%
Malaysia	1.1%
Eswatini	0.4%
Angola	0.1%
All other countries	0.2%

Sugar — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	54.1%
Namibia	7.6%
Malaysia	6.7%
Korea, Rep.	4.7%
United Kingdom	3.8%
Spain	3.5%
All other countries	19.6%

Cotton — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
Indonesia	22.0%
Bangladesh	20.2%
Lesotho	19.1%
South Africa (at home)	12.5%
Mauritius	6.1%
Germany	1.2%
All other countries	18.8%

Livestock — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	96.8%
Lesotho	0.4%
United Arab Emirates	0.4%
Mozambique	0.4%
Kuwait	0.3%
Jordan	0.3%
All other countries	1.4%

Timber — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	92.2%
China	1.9%
Botswana	1.4%
Namibia	1.0%
India	0.7%
Mozambique	0.5%
All other countries	2.2%

Tobacco (unmanufactured) — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	82.7%
Sweden	1.9%
Korea, Rep.	1.4%
Cambodia	0.8%
Lesotho	0.4%
Nigeria	0.3%
All other countries	12.4%

Wood charcoal — 2024, by value
Consumed in	Share
South Africa (at home)	34.2%
United Kingdom	16.1%
United States	9.9%
Netherlands	8.0%
Kuwait	4.4%
France	3.9%
All other countries	23.5%

The number this page does not show

The harm these supply chains carry is calculated, and not shown.

The model passes the harm counted where a material is produced on to the countries that use it. That is a count of people from a recorded calculation, with no range yet, and nothing of that kind is published before the model passes its test on past years. What this page can show without it is the structure: who produces, who uses, and where harm is recorded along the way.

Sources

Sources
Version of the data	Downloaded	File fingerprint
ucdp · ged-v26.1	2026-09-10	`8c941d84954e555e…`
ilostat · fatal-20261006	2026-10-06	`700fa580091e41e7…`
eia · intl-20261003	2026-10-06	`9251a5920ebe7044…`
usgs_mcs · MCS2021-PDF	2026-10-06	`35645e7c2a975cfd…`
usgs_mcs · MCS2019-PDF	2026-10-06	`a84bd40f55d775e3…`
usgs_mcs · MCS2026-20260206	2026-09-29	`582a0aa231aea53d…`
usgs_mcs · MCS2025-PDF	2026-10-06	`4b3e4e00ed65365e…`
usgs_mcs · MCS2023-PDF	2026-10-06	`f02c82335ee535b6…`
faostat · qcl-20251231	2026-09-29	`c5835418c18f9322…`
faostat · fo-20260109	2026-09-29	`c2f7fc99651f620b…`
faostat · rl-20261002	2026-10-06	`39b739fbfb694971…`
aquastat · ds-20260713	2026-10-06	`3bca93e1d4430099…`
baci · HS92_V202601-20260130	2026-09-29	`43259580059fa83e…`

CEPII, BACI — Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level, CEPII Working Paper 2010-23. CEPII did not endorse these derived figures — HS92_V202601-20260130, retrieved 2026-09-29 from https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/data/BACI_HS92_V202601.zip. Licensed under Open Licence 2.0 (Licence Ouverte, Etalab) (https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf).
FAO. AQUASTAT, FAO's Global Information System on Water and Agriculture: municipal water withdrawal. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. FAO endorsement of these derived figures is neither stated nor implied — ds-20260713, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://api.data.apps.fao.org/api/v2/bigquery. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. FAO endorsement of these derived figures is neither stated nor implied — fo-20260109, retrieved 2026-09-29 from https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Forestry_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. FAO endorsement of these derived figures is neither stated nor implied — qcl-20251231, retrieved 2026-09-29 from https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. FAO endorsement of these derived figures is neither stated nor implied — rl-20261002, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Inputs_LandUse_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. The ILO did not prepare, review or endorse these derived figures; responsibility for them rests solely with Quiescence — fatal-20261006, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_INJ_FATL_ECO_NB,1.0/all. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics — intl-20261003, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/INTL.zip. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (EIA Copyrights and Reuse); see https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center, Mineral Commodity Summaries — MCS2019-PDF, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs2019_all.pdf. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (USGS Copyrights and Credits); see https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center, Mineral Commodity Summaries — MCS2021-PDF, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021.pdf. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (USGS Copyrights and Credits); see https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center, Mineral Commodity Summaries — MCS2023-PDF, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023.pdf. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (USGS Copyrights and Credits); see https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center, Mineral Commodity Summaries — MCS2025-PDF, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (USGS Copyrights and Credits); see https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center, Mineral Commodity Summaries — MCS2026-20260206, retrieved 2026-09-29 from https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/69837e43b66b01367d7ec7c7?f=__disk__d3%2Fac%2F84%2Fd3ac8466552946c5e8caa2c2c6338d9e1aff655d. Licensed under Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (public domain dedication) (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).
Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), Uppsala University — Davies, Pettersson and Oberg, "Organized violence 1989-2025, and violent political protests", Journal of Peace Research (2026), doi:10.1093/jopres/xjag046 — ged-v26.1, retrieved 2026-09-10 from https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ged/ged261-csv.zip. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.

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South Africa