Producto semielaborado · Componentes electrónicos
Paquete de baterías de iones de litio
One kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack
Esta página muestra de qué está hecho el producto y de dónde sale cada cifra. No muestra ninguna cifra de muertes. Esa cifra se calcula a partir de esta lista de materiales desde la sesión 19 y solo se publica cuando tiene un intervalo de incertidumbre y ha superado una prueba retrospectiva.
A complete electric-car traction battery: cells, module hardware and pack hardware. Argonne's BEV NMC532 pack stores 70.6 kWh in 314.09 kg — 4.45 kg per kilowatt-hour — and is 81% cells by mass. Everything above the cell is aluminium housing, a cooling circuit and management electronics.
- Calificación global — alta
- Estado — borrador
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El coste humano, por unidad
Una unidad es one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack. Escenario Economic-embedded, sobre FIGARO 2023. Cada cifra es la estimación central de 2.000 extracciones, con el intervalo del percentil 5 al 95 al lado y el grado que ese intervalo merece.
Muertes
6,9 × 10⁻⁸ por unidad(0,36–1,4 × 10⁻⁷)BAJAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r
La lista de materiales atribuye el 81 % de su masa a materias primas registradas. El resto no lleva daño en esta vía, por eso esta vía es un mínimo.
Lesiones
3,0 × 10⁻⁶ por unidad(1,7–5,6 × 10⁻⁶)BAJAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r
La lista de materiales atribuye el 81 % de su masa a materias primas registradas. El resto no lleva daño en esta vía, por eso esta vía es un mínimo.
Las muertes y lesiones laborales de estas cifras proceden de los 53 países que informaron de muertes laborales y los 52 que informaron de lesiones laborales en 2023.
El daño laboral se cuenta tal como cada país lo comunica a las estadísticas laborales de la ONU (ILOSTAT), y nunca se estima para un país que no informó: ese país falta en ese año, no cuenta como cero. Por eso, cuando las cifras de dos años difieren, parte de la diferencia puede ser un cambio en qué países informaron. Las comprobaciones del propio modelo entre años comparan solo los países que informaron en ambos.
Muertes: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Rep., Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkiye, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan
Lesiones: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkiye, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan
La vía monetaria — por cada 1.000 € gastados
- Muertes — 2,3 × 10⁻⁶ por cada 1.000 € gastados en su industria(1,5–3,6 × 10⁻⁶)MEDIAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r
- Lesiones — 6,4 × 10⁻⁵ por cada 1.000 € gastados en su industria(4,4–9,3 × 10⁻⁵)MEDIAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r
Dos vías, nunca sumadas. La vía de materiales cuenta solo lo que alcanza la lista de materiales, por eso es un mínimo. La vía monetaria cuenta toda la cadena de suministro de la industria por cada euro, por eso es completa en principio — y ciega a aquello de lo que está hecho este producto.
En palabras
Esta página da la estimación del modelo, para el año de referencia 2023, de las muertes y lesiones atribuidas a la cadena de suministro de un kilogramo de batería de iones de litio ensamblada, en el escenario Economic-embedded. La cifra es un suelo y cuenta solo la fase de producción. En la vía de materiales, que sigue únicamente las materias primas de la lista de materiales, las muertes son 6,9 × 10⁻⁸ muertes por unidad(0,36–1,4 × 10⁻⁷)BAJAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r y las lesiones 3,0 × 10⁻⁶ lesiones por unidad(1,7–5,6 × 10⁻⁶)BAJAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r. En la vía monetaria, que abarca toda la cadena de la industria, las muertes son 2,3 × 10⁻⁶ muertes por cada 1.000 € gastados en su industria(1,5–3,6 × 10⁻⁶)MEDIAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r y las lesiones 6,4 × 10⁻⁵ lesiones por cada 1.000 € gastados en su industria(4,4–9,3 × 10⁻⁵)MEDIAS-MAX · ejecución 2259 · metodología v1.0 · datos dv-20261007-44r. Eso equivale a una muerte por cada 7,1 millones – 28 millones kilogramos de batería de iones de litio ensamblada.
Por materia prima, Cobalto tiene el mayor peso, 63 %. Por país del daño, República Democrática del Congo tiene el mayor peso, 80 %. Por conflicto, IS - Civilians tiene el mayor peso, 22 %. En la vía monetaria, Mining and quarrying tiene el mayor peso, 64 %. Son vistas separadas del mismo total; no indican qué país suministró el cobalto.
Redactado por un modelo de lenguaje (claude-sonnet-5-5 (Claude Code; reviewed by claude-opus-5-5)) el 2026-10-14, a partir de las cifras de esta página. No escribió ninguna cifra: cada una la colocó la página a partir de la ejecución, y un texto que escribiera una cifra propia, o nombrara algo que no figura en sus datos, se descartó sin mostrarse.
En términos humanos
Una muerte por cada 7,1 millones – 28 millones unidades.
En la vía monetaria, unos 280 millones € – 670 millones € de gasto en su industria por cada muerte.
Redondeado hacia fuera desde el intervalo, para que la frase nunca afirme más que el intervalo.
En cada escenario
Cinco respuestas a qué parte del daño contado en un lugar llega a su economía. El mismo producto, el mismo año, el mismo sistema: solo cambia la regla de atribución.
- S-MAX Economic-embedded
- S-EVID Evidence-weighted
- S-RES Resource-only
- S-ARMS Arms and resources
- S-CONS Conservative
Qué lo explica
Por materia prima — la vía de materiales
Por industria — la vía monetaria
Dónde se contó el daño
Todos los materiales
| Material | Parte | Muertes por unidad |
|---|---|---|
| Cobalto | 63 % | 4,3 × 10⁻⁸ |
| Cobre | 20 % | 1,4 × 10⁻⁸ |
| Litio | 7,2 % | 4,9 × 10⁻⁹ |
| Níquel | 6,6 % | 4,5 × 10⁻⁹ |
| Grafito natural | 1,8 % | 1,2 × 10⁻⁹ |
| Manganeso | 0,63 % | 4,3 × 10⁻¹⁰ |
| Bauxita | 0,12 % | 8,3 × 10⁻¹¹ |
| Mineral de hierro | <0,1 % | 1,2 × 10⁻¹¹ |
| Carbón y lignito | <0,1 % | 6,0 × 10⁻¹² |
La cadena, paso a paso
El paso mayor en cada etapa del modelo. Cada uno enlaza con el relato completo, donde cada etapa suma la cifra principal.
- Paquete de baterías de iones de litio
- Cobalto 63 % de la cifra
- República Democrática del Congo 80 % de la cifra
- Conflicto y violencia política 93 % de la cifra
- IS - Civilians 22 % de la cifra
Fuentes de esta cifra
Cada versión de datos que intervino en esta cifra en esta ejecución, con el crédito que exige su licencia.
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- International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. The ILO did not prepare, review or endorse these derived figures; responsibility for them rests solely with Quiescence — emp-20261006, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/.A..SEX_T.. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
- International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. The ILO did not prepare, review or endorse these derived figures; responsibility for them rests solely with Quiescence — emp-20261007, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/.A..SEX_T.. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
- International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. The ILO did not prepare, review or endorse these derived figures; responsibility for them rests solely with Quiescence — fatal-20261006, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_INJ_FATL_ECO_NB,1.0/all. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
- International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. The ILO did not prepare, review or endorse these derived figures; responsibility for them rests solely with Quiescence — non_fatal-20261006, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_INJ_NFTL_ECO_NB,1.0/all. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data modified by HumanToll.
- OECD. (2025) OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables, https://oe.cd/icio — 1995-2000_SML-20260112, retrieved 2026-09-22 from https://webfs-sti.oecd.org/files/STI-PIE/ICIO/2025/1995-2000_SML.zip. Used under OECD Terms and Conditions — section 3, Data; see https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html.
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- Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics — intl-20261003, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/INTL.zip. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (EIA Copyrights and Reuse); see https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php.
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Lo que esta cifra no es
Solo fase de producción. El daño derivado de usar el producto — conducir el coche, cargar el teléfono — no está en esta cifra.
- Un mínimo: el daño que no puede atribuirse no se cuenta, así que la cifra real es mayor.
- Lo que la lista de materiales no nombra, y el daño que el registro no contiene, faltan en ella — la parte trazada de arriba dice cuánto.
- Su grado de confianza es baja: la anchura del intervalo, cuántos pasos atravesó la cifra y lo bien que se conocen sus datos.
Junto a los productos más cercanos
Los dos productos cuyas muertes por kilogramo están más cerca de las de este, en la vía de materiales.
Cite esta cifra
HumanToll 2026, ejecución 2259, metodología v1.0. https://quiescence.eu/humantoll/product/battery-pack/
De qué está hecho
Cada línea es un componente de one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack: cuánto lleva, cuánto hubo que producir para ello y de dónde sale la cifra.
| Componente | Cantidad | Fuente |
|---|---|---|
|
Celda de iones de litio
pieza |
811 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 254.63 kg of cells in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 810.69 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Aluminio
pieza |
134 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 42.07 kg of aluminium in module (11.76 kg) and pack (30.31 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 133.94 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Coolant: ethylene glycol pieza |
27.1 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 8.5 kg of glycol coolant in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 27.06 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Battery management electronics pieza |
17.0 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 5.34 kg of electronic parts in module (1.12 kg) and pack (4.22 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 17.0 g per kilogram of pack. The source does not say what is in them, so they are carried by name and mass and reach no supply chain |
|
Acero
pieza |
5.83 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 1.83 kg of steel in the pack enclosure in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 5.83 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Thermal insulation pieza |
3.44 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 1.08 kg of insulation in module (0.11 kg) and pack (0.97 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 3.44 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Cobre
pieza |
1.62 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 0.51 kg of copper busbars and wiring in module (0.42 kg) and pack (0.09 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 1.62 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Polyethylene pieza |
0.410 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· alta
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 0.13 kg of polyethylene in module hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 0.41 g per kilogram of pack |
Hasta las materias primas
Toda la cadena multiplicada: todo lo que necesita one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack, a través de cada producto intermedio, con todas las pérdidas del camino.
| Insumo | Por unidad funcional |
|---|---|
| Bauxita | 693 g |
| Carbón y lignito | 3.45 g |
| Cobalto | 48.5 g |
| Cobre | 71.6 g |
| Mineral de hierro | 6.62 g |
| Litio | 27.6 g |
| Manganeso | 65.5 g |
| Grafito natural | 198 g |
| Níquel | 120 g |
| Battery management electronics (fuera del registro) | 17.0 g |
| Carbon black (conductive additive) (fuera del registro) | 8.03 g |
| Coolant: ethylene glycol (fuera del registro) | 27.1 g |
| Dimethyl carbonate (electrolyte solvent) (fuera del registro) | 36.7 g |
| Electricity, calcination (fuera del registro) | 2.45 kWh |
| Electricity, electric arc furnace route (fuera del registro) | 0.00402 MJ |
| Ethylene carbonate (electrolyte solvent) (fuera del registro) | 36.7 g |
| Limestone (fuera del registro) | 1.26 g |
| Lithium hexafluorophosphate (electrolyte salt) (fuera del registro) | 13.1 g |
| Natural gas, precursor co-precipitation (fuera del registro) | 4.12 kWh |
| Oxygen, chemically bound (fuera del registro) | 124 g |
| Polyethylene (fuera del registro) | 0.410 g |
| Polyethylene (separator) (fuera del registro) | 1.78 g |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (fuera del registro) | 1.85 g |
| Polypropylene (separator and casing) (fuera del registro) | 7.90 g |
| Polyvinylidene fluoride binder (fuera del registro) | 12.1 g |
| Recycled steel (scrap) (fuera del registro) | 1.75 g |
| Thermal insulation (fuera del registro) | 3.44 g |
Un insumo marcado «fuera del registro» se cuenta por masa y todavía no llega a ninguna cadena de suministro. Las industrias aparecen en los euros o toneladas-kilómetro que les asigna la lista de materiales.
Cuánto es explícito
El 100% de la masa de este producto es explícito en su propia lista de materiales.
Toda su cadena requiere 1.53 kg de materiales, pérdidas incluidas. El 81% son materias primas registradas —la parte a la que el modelo puede rastrear daño—, el 19% son insumos todavía fuera del registro y el 0% es un remanente declarado.
En el modelo input-output pertenece a «Manufacture of electrical equipment» (industria FIGARO C27).
En el modelo input-output pertenece a «Manufacture of electrical equipment» (industria FIGARO C27).
Qué lo usa
Productos cuya propia lista de materiales incluye este.
- Coche eléctrico — 314 kg en one midsize battery-electric car of 1,769 kg