Energy
Coal and lignite
Where it comes from, what share of an industry’s output it is, and which wars the model links to it.
This page shows production, shares and inputs. It does not show a death toll per tonne. The shares below say what part of an industry’s output this material is, and what part of a war’s harm the model links to it. Multiplying either by a number of people gives a result, and no result is published until it comes from a recorded calculation, with a range and a confidence grade.
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The products it reaches
Each product whose list of materials contains Coal and lignite, with its deaths per item by the materials method and the part of that figure this material accounts for.
Scenario Economic-embedded, using FIGARO 2023.
| Product | Deaths per item |
|---|---|
| Steel Part from here: 33% | 3.1 × 10⁻⁹ per item(1.7–6.7 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Passenger car tyre Part from here: 33% | 5.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ per item(0.27–1.1 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Petrol car Part from here: 9.3% | 9.5 × 10⁻⁶ per item(0.55–1.7 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Electric car Part from here: 2.5% | 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ per item(1.8–5.5 × 10⁻⁵)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Laptop Part from here: <0.1% | 5.4 × 10⁻⁷ per item(0.21–1.2 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Smartphone Part from here: <0.1% | 3.0 × 10⁻⁸ per item(1.2–6.3 × 10⁻⁸)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Lithium-ion battery pack Part from here: <0.1% | 6.9 × 10⁻⁸ per item(0.36–1.4 × 10⁻⁷)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
| Printed circuit board assembly Part from here: <0.1% | 1.6 × 10⁻⁶ per item(0.60–3.4 × 10⁻⁶)LOWS-MAX · run 2259 · methodology v1.0 · data dv-20261007-44r |
The figure is the product’s own, with its range. The share beside it is a middle estimate only: the calculation stores a range for each figure, not for each part of one.
Deaths per tonne produced are calculated for this material too, but not shown: that figure has no range yet.
Who produces it
The publisher’s own figures for 2024, across 82 countries. Nothing here has been linked to anything yet.
| Country | Produced | Share | Figure |
|---|---|---|---|
| China CHN |
4,402,501,222 t | 50.1% | official |
| India IND |
1,012,945,838 t | 11.5% | official |
| Indonesia IDN |
836,000,000 t | 9.5% | official |
| Russian Federation RUS |
476,207,873 t | 5.4% | official |
| Australia AUS |
467,739,251 t | 5.3% | official |
| United States USA |
464,968,761 t | 5.3% | official |
| South Africa ZAF |
237,425,368 t | 2.7% | official |
| Kazakhstan KAZ |
112,888,131 t | 1.3% | official |
| Germany DEU |
91,940,857 t | 1.0% | official |
| Poland POL |
85,159,604 t | 1.0% | official |
| Mongolia MNG |
82,637,775 t | 0.9% | official |
| Turkiye TUR |
78,997,959 t | 0.9% | official |
| Colombia COL |
58,077,777 t | 0.7% | official |
| Canada CAN |
48,642,804 t | 0.6% | official |
| Viet Nam VNM |
44,648,584 t | 0.5% | official |
Production figures: FAO, FAOSTAT, CC BY 4.0. FAO does not endorse any figure made from them, and none is implied.
What share of an industry’s output it is
Worked out from production, not typed in: an industry’s split between materials is the share of what it actually produced. These are WORLD figures, all years together; the model itself uses a separate mix for every country and year, because a world mix would link deaths in the Congo to copper mined in Chile.
| Industry | Share of output | How |
|---|---|---|
| Mining of coal and lignite 05 |
100.0% | the industry’s only material · LOW |
| Mining and quarrying B |
17.3% | world mix · LOW |
Weight and value answer different questions and are never added together. A tonne of gold weighs the same as a tonne of iron ore but is worth far more, so the share of an industry’s harm this material gets depends on which one is used.
Which wars the model links to it
The average share of each war’s harm that the model links to this material, taken over the countries and years the war covers. An average of shares is not a share of a total, and the two differ whenever the coverage is uneven.
| War | Average share of its harm | Years |
|---|---|---|
| Russia - Ukraine | 18.68% | 6 |
| Ukraine: Donetsk | 18.29% | 1 |
| Ukraine: Novorossiya | 17.19% | 9 |
| Ukraine: Lugansk | 17.09% | 1 |
| Syria: Government | 5.28% | 2 |
| Iraq: Government | 4.85% | 4 |
| Colombia: Government | 3.42% | 37 |
| Afghanistan: Government | 1.35% | 37 |
| Niger: Government | 1.07% | 9 |
| Niger: Islamic State | 1.07% | 9 |
| Jalisco Cartel New Generation - Sinaloa Cartel | 0.73% | 11 |
| Sri Lanka (Ceylon): Eelam | 0.66% | 1 |
These are shares of a war, not counts of people. The number of deaths they stand for is calculated but not published: it has no range yet and has not passed the test on past years.
Harm per tonne and per euro
Harm per tonne and harm per euro are both calculated. Neither is shown yet.
Harm per tonne of this material is defined for 45 years, 1980 to 2024: the years for which the model has both the harm and the world production of this material.
Both are numbers of people divided by an amount, from a calculation that has no range and has not passed the test on past years yet, and nothing of that kind is published until it has. What this page can say now is whether each can be worked out, and on what basis.
Which products use it
Semi-finished and finished products whose list of materials reaches this material, through every step in between, and how much of it one of them needs — waste included.
| Product | Needs |
|---|---|
| Lithium-ion battery pack
semi-finished product |
3.45 g for one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack |
| Passenger car tyre
semi-finished product |
97.5 g for one kilogram of passenger car tyre |
| Printed circuit board assembly
semi-finished product |
19.4 g for one kilogram of assembled printed circuit board |
| Steel
semi-finished product |
591 g for one kilogram of crude steel, world route mix |
| Electric car
finished product |
442 kg for one midsize battery-electric car of 1,769 kg |
| Laptop
finished product |
190 g for one laptop of 2,706 g, the average of 16 disassembled models from 1999 to 2011 |
| Petrol car
finished product |
509 kg for one midsize petrol car of 1,385 kg |
| Smartphone
finished product |
5.39 g for one smartphone of 135 g, the average of 12 disassembled models from 2004 to 2015 |
Amounts, not harm: how much of the material the product’s supply chain needs. The harm that carries is not shown.
Sources
| Version of the data | Downloaded | File fingerprint |
|---|---|---|
| eia · intl-20261003 | 2026-10-06 | 9251a5920ebe7044… |
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics — intl-20261003, retrieved 2026-10-06 from https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/INTL.zip. Used under U.S. Government work — public domain (EIA Copyrights and Reuse); see https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php.